A pyelogram, sometimes known as a pyelogram or a urogram, is a procedure for visualizing the renal pelvis and ureter.
Types consist of:
- interstitial pyelogram In which the circulatory system receives a contrast solution through a vein.
- Backward pyelogram
- any pyelogram in which contrast material is administered and travels toward the kidney from the lower urinary tract (i.e. in a “retrograde” direction, against the normal flow of urine).
- pyelogram in antegrade (also antegrade pyelogram)
- a pyelogram where a contrast material mimics the normal flow of urine by moving from the kidneys to the bladder.
- A gaseous contrast medium is used in a gas pyelogram instead of a liquid one. It can also develop naturally when gas-producing microorganisms infect the uppermost regions of the urinary system.
In This Article...
How can an IVP be distinguished from a retrograde pyelogram?
A particular dye (contrast agent) is injected into the ureters during retrograde pyelography. The dye improves x-ray visibility of the kidneys and ureters. Similar to an intravenous pyelogram is this test (IVP). Instead of the ureter, the dye is injected into a vein during IVP.
Retrograde pyelogram: What is it?
An imaging examination called a retrograde pyelogram employs X-rays to examine your bladder, ureters, and kidneys. The lengthy tubes that link your kidneys and bladder are called ureters. The cystoscopy procedure typically includes this test. It makes use of an endoscope, which is a lit, long tube. The doctor performing the cystoscopy has the option of directly injecting contrast dye into the ureters. On an X-ray, the contrast makes certain bodily components appear more distinct. Anesthesia is used during the examination.
What distinguishes the IVP and IVU?
The entire urinary system is examined during an intravenous urogram (IVU). Sometimes, it is referred to as an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). It considers the:
tubes that link the bladder and kidney (ureters)
Intravenous pyelogram: What is it?
An excretory urogram, commonly known as an intravenous pyelogram, is an X-ray examination of your urinary tract. Your doctor can see your kidneys, your bladder, and the tubes that transfer urine from your kidneys to your bladder during an intravenous pyelogram (ureters).
What distinguishes antegrade from retrograde pyelography?
Imaging of the urine collecting system is referred to as pyelography (or “pyelogram”).
The phrase is most frequently used in relation to “intravenous pyelography” (or “IVP”). According to others, the term “intravenous urography” is more appropriate for a test that visualizes intravenous contrast as it passes through the kidney parenchyma and into the urine collecting system. Both phrases are frequently used in the same context.
Pyelography can also be carried out antegrade following percutaneous access to the renal upper collecting system or retrograde through a catheter put into the distal ureter (e.g. through a percutaneous nephrostomy).
- backward pyelography
- Prior to pyelography
History and etymology
The name comes from the Greek terms puelos, which means “trough” or “basin” and refers to the urine collecting system, and graphia, which means “writing.”
What does the surgical term “retrograde” mean?
Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS): Using a fiberoptic endoscope as a viewing device, retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) involves doing surgery inside the kidney.
In RIRS, the scope is inserted into the bladder through the urethra (the urinary opening), and then through the ureter into the kidney’s urine-collecting portion. As a result, the scope is advanced retrogradely (up the urinary system) to a location inside the kidney (intrarenal).
A stone may be removed using RIRS. Through the scope, the stone can be observed and handled, such as by using an ultrasound probe to crush it, a laser probe to evaporate it, a pair of tiny forceps to capture it, etc.
A urologist (endourologist) with specialized training in RIRS performs the procedure. Typically, either general or spinal anaesthetic is used during the surgery.
The benefits of RIRS over open surgery include a faster resolution of the issue, the elimination of protracted postoperative pain, and a significantly quicker recovery.
A retrograde pyelogram: how is it done?
To help urine through a blockage that won’t clear or via a narrowed part of the ureter, a ureteral stent can be implanted. This could stop an infection (sepsis). A tiny tube (catheter) is inserted into the entrance of the ureter to perform a retrograde pyelogram by injecting dye through it (tube draining kidney into bladder). This can be used to show the architecture of the ureter and kidney and help with stent placement.
What type of contrast is applied during a retrograde pyelogram?
The contrast utilized for excretory urography is also used for retrograde pyelography (intravenous urography). Osmolality divides contrast into three groups: isoosmolar, low osmolar, and high osmolar. Radiographic density rises as osmolarity falls. 7] The contrast is normally diluted by the doctor using sterile water to 50% for retrograde pyelography. Even the most minute filling faults won’t be seen thanks to the contrast being muted. 1]
A retrograde urethrogram is carried out in what way?
An x-ray of your urethra and bladder will be taken while you are lying on your side or back. Your urethra is gently guided into the X-ray contrast agent (dye). Although uncomfortable, this process doesn’t take very long. With the dye, more x-rays are obtained to better see your urethra.
How is an antegrade pyelogram performed?
To locate the kidneys first, either a CT scan or an ultrasound probe will be used. A needle will then be inserted into the kidney once the skin over the kidney has been made numb. To delineate the renal collecting system, dye is injected. (This is the portion of the urinary tract between the kidney and bladder that empties urine.)